Qi Empire

[Alanston]

Qi Empire (WIP)

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Qi Dynasty (齊朝)| China

Motto:

Capital: Nanjing

Demonym: Chinese

Official Language: Mandarin

Population: 1 billion

Religion: WIP

Government: Chinese Imperial Democracy

Current Emperor: Zheng Yi (鄭義)

Current Palace Secretariat: Kong Wei

Currency: Tael (1,000 Wen = 1 Tael) 1 Tael = 1oz silver

GDP (nominal): WIP $19.237 trillion (US) Per capita: $37,592.82 (US)

Time Zone: UTC +8

Driving side: Left

OUTDATED / WIP

The Qi Empire was established in 1660, after a successful siege of Nanjing against the Qing forces by Koxinga, also known as Zheng Chenggong. In 1659, Koxinga had mounted his forces and prepared to march on the city of Nanjing, at the time a Qing stronghold in the region. Initially wanting a grand battle, like his father had with the Dutch, he prepared to announce the battle ahead of time. However, on the night before he was to do this, he had a dream advising him against such actions. As a result, he marched on the city of Nanjing unexpectedly, taking the Qing forces by surprise, and taking the city. This was seen as a massive defeat for the Qing, with many officials switching sides to support Koxinga's forces. In the following weeks, the Qing forces and officials withdrew from China, returning to Manchuria in the north. Quick to solidify this victory, Koxinga went to Beijing, securing the north under his rule. It was in Beijing, in the spring of 1660, where Koxinga was crowned as Emperor of the newly established Qi Empire. With word of his victory over the Qing spreading, the remaining provinces and officials throughout China were quick to swear allegiance to Koxinga and the Qi Empire. Seeing the changing times, and the potential threat caused by Europeans, Koxinga made the decision to establish his court in Nanjing, rather than Beijing. By doing this, he was able to ensure the new capital was centrally located, and that he would be better able to deal with any threats caused by the Europeans.

Less than a year after establishing his empire and kicking the Manchurians out of China, Koxinga amassed a large force and landed on the island of Formosa, and laid siege to the Dutch Fort Zeelandia. The siege dragged on for several months, with neither side making any progress, until Koxinga's forces were finally successful in taking the fort in February 1662. The Dutch were forced to surrender the island to Koxinga, and officially end their colony on the island. Koxinga promptly renamed the island to Taiwan, and integrated it as a province in the Qi Empire. He also made plans to use the island as a base of operations to fight against European colonialism in the region. Following his victory against the Dutch, and eager to consolidate his rule, Koxinga took his fleet to the Ming tributary kingdom of Ryukyu. There he expelled the Japanese officials by force, threatening the Shogunate with invasion if they interfered, and officially made the Ryukyu Kingdom a vassal of the Qi Empire. The treaty signed in the summer of 1662 would lead to the official annexation of Ryukyu less than a century later, in the face of increased Dutch colonial activities in the region. Returning to Nanjing in the months following, Koxinga was able to finish consolidating his rule, and successfully established a rule of law in the Qi Empire that survives to this day. However, by 1663 Koxinga's health was failing, and by June of that year, he passed away. He was succeeded by his second son, Zheng Cong, with his first son having "died" in spring 1662.

Over the following years, Emperor Zheng Cong diligently pursued his father's policies of keeping the Europeans out and establishing a 'pure' Chinese empire, driving back Dutch and Spanish attempts to retake Formosa. In 1673 he led a successful invasion of Jeju island, conquering the island from the Koreans and annexing it into the Qi Empire. During the 1680s he also began a series of campaigns to establish full Chinese rule over the island of Taiwan, something that would not be completed until the 1740s. Meanwhile, over the years Emperor Zheng Cong and his descendants instituted a policy of Sinification amongst the non-Han populations, encouraging the use of Mandarin Chinese and the education in the Chinese system, especially in the fringes of the Empire, such as Jeju and Ryukyu. By 1776, realizing the importance of Macao as a trading port, and following an increase in Chinese administrative attempts over the region, the Qi government officially revoked the Portuguese lease over Macao, evicting them from the islands. This was enforced by the Chinese fleet.

In the decades and centuries that followed, the Qi Empire took a particular interest in improving the lives of its citizens, whilst also keeping out European powers. By limiting the ports the Europeans could trade in, whilst also maintaining a steady control over the borders, the Empire was able to keep out various European powers, and repel several invasion attempts by the British, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and French (or their equivalents). By the late 1800s, the Qi Empire was seen as a strong and stable nation, albeit one that was inwardly focused, rather than outward looking. This changed when the Americans visited, forcing the Empire to open to trade. However, due to their history of keeping foreigners out, and resisting colonization, they were able to establish decent trading arrangements with the Americans, securing access to new technology, whilst also assuring Chinese sovereignty.

Despite all the precautions taken, in the early 1900s foreign interference in the nation resulted in several rebellions in the north. This, combined with unrest in the south, almost resulted in the Empire being overthrown. However, by solidifying the holdings that the Emperor could, the nation was able to deal with the unrest in the south, and form a solid line of defense against the rebellions in the north. Yet this was not enough, and by 1912 the northern and central provinces of the Qi Empire had broken away, forming their own Chinese nation, and claiming that they were the true China. Vowing to fight against this, Emperor Zheng Zhihao order a series of studies on democracy throughout the nation and internationally in 1918. These studies led to the Government Reforms of 1927, which introduced the Chinese Imperial Democratic system, and paved the way for more freedoms for the people, along side a reform of the educational system. These changes were generally well liked, with many of the population viewing them as key steps for the nation. In the 1930s Emperor Zheng Zhihao made a public declaration, promising that China would be reunited once again. The people strongly supported this declaration, and this has lead to a general support for the One China Policy and reconquest, which has lasted to this day. Following his declaration, the Qi Empire has worked to better the lives of its citizens and to build up a military force that is capable of retaking the northern provinces.

[Alanston]

250 nuclear devices, ranging from 5kt to 250kt

Army

675,000 troops

Vehicles:

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BTR-70 - Armoured personnel carrier
M113 - Armoured personnel carrier
UR 77 - Mine clearing vehicle
Type 74 - Main battle tank

Artillery:

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2A36 Giatsint-B - 152 mm field gun (towed)
2S5 Giatsint-S - 152 mm self-propelled howitzer
2S7 Pion - 203 mm Self-propelled artillery
M240 - 240 mm mortar M240 (towed)

2B9 Vasilek - 82 mm gun-mortar

BM-27 Uragan - Self-propelled 220 mm multiple rocket launcher

S-300 - Long-range surface-to-air and anti-ballistic missile system

Buk - Self-propelled, medium-range surface-to-air missile systems
2K12 Kub - Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system
9K33 Osa - 6×6 amphibious SAM system
OTR-21 Tochka - 6x6 wheeled ballistic missile launcher vehicle
OTR-23 Oka - Tactical ballistic missile carrier vehicle

Equipment

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APS - Underwater rifle
Spp-1 - Underwater pistol
9K111 Fagot - Anti-tank weapon
9M1113 Konkurs - Anti-tank missile
RPG-18 - Anti-tank rocket launcher
GP-25 - Grenade launcher
AK-74 - Assault riffle
T65 - Assault riffle
AGS-17 - Automatic grenade launcher
NSV - Heavy machine gun
9K34 Strela-3 - Man-portable air defense missile system
PSG1 - Semi-automatic sniper rifle
SIG Sauer P220 - Semi-automatic pistol
M240 - Machine gun

Davy Crockett - Nuclear recoilless gun

PFM-1 - Mine

Airforce

Total airforce: 450

Mikoyan MiG-27 - x24
Mikoyan MiG-31 - x64
Mitsubishi F-1 - x48
Sukhoi Su-17 - x48
Yakovlev Yak-38 - x48 (used with Kiev Class carriers)
Boeing E-3 - x4 (24 aircraft)
Myasishchev M-55 - x4
Illyushin II-76 - x4 (24 aircraft)
Mil Mi-24 - x60
Mil Mi-14 - x60
SA-321 - x24
Tupolev Tu-141 - x12

Fighters

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Mikoyan MiG-27 - Ground attack aircraft
Mikoyan MiG-31 - Supersonic interceptor aircraft
Mitsubishi F-1 - Strike aircraft
Sukhoi Su-17 - Fighter-bomber
Yakovlev Yak-38 - Carrier borne VTOL strike fighter (used with Kiev Class carriers)

Utility Aircraft

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Boeing E-3 Sentry - Airborne early warning and control, 6 aircraft
Myasishchev M-55 - High-altitude reconnaissance aircraft

Illyushin II-76 - Strategical and tactical airlifter / Aerial tanker aircraft, 6 aircraft
Antonov AN-32 - Military transport aircraft, free

Tupolev Tu-144 - Supersonic passenger airliner, free

SA-321 - Transport helicopter
Mil Mi-14 - Anti-submarine helicopter
Mil Mi-24 - Attack helicopter / helicopter gunship

Drones

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Tupolev Tu-141 - Reconnaissance drone

Navy

Total tonnage: 648,800 tonnes

Golf III - x4, 16,000 tonnes
Delta III - x12, 218,400 tonnes
Alfa Class - x4, 12,800 tonnes

Koni Class - x6, 11,400 tonnes
Krivak I Class - x10, 33,000 tonnes
Haruna Class - x16, 110,400 tonnes
Nanuchka Class - x40, 26,400 tonnes
Type 037 - x12, 5,160 tonnes

Kiev Class - x4, 180,000 tonnes

Type 271II - x10, 5,000 tonnes
T43 - x6, 3,600 tonnes
Ropucha Class - x10, 22,000 tonnes

Type 312 - x80, 3,760 tonnes

648,780 / 648,800 tonnes

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Golf III - Diesel-electric ballistic missile submarine, 4,000 tonnes
Delta III - Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, 18,200 tonnes
Alfa Class - Nuclear-powered attack submarine, 3,200 tonnes

Koni Class - Frigate, 1,900 tonnes
Krivak I Class - Frigate, 3,300 tonnes
Haruna Class - Destroyer, 6,900 tonnes
Nanuchka Class - Corvette. 660 tonnes
Type 037 - Submarine chaser corvette, 430 tonnes

Kiev Class - Aircraft carrier/cruiser, 45,000 tonnes

Type 271II - Landing craft utility, 500 tonnes
T43 - Minesweeper, 600 tonnes
Ropucha Class - Landing ship, 2,200 tonnes

TYpe 635 - Hydrographic survey ship, free
Type 991II - Cable layer, free

Type 312 - Minesweeper (drone), 47 tonnes

[Alanston]

Politics

1660s to 1920s

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In the 1660s, the new Emperor Zheng Cong reformed the governance structure of the new Qi Empire, aligning it with the historical Three Departments and Six Ministries system. Under this system there were three 'Prime Ministers', or Departments: the Shangshu Sheng (Imperial Secretariat), the Zhongshu Sheng (Palace/Central Secretariat), and the Menxia Sheng (Chancellery). Below the Three Departments were the Six Ministries: Personal, Revenue, Rites, War, Justice, and Works.

- The Shangshu Sheng (Imperial Secretariat) were the executive branch of the government, and were the head of the Six Ministries.
- The Zhongshu Sheng (Palace/Central Secretariat) was the policy forming agency, and was responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees.
- The Menxia Sheng (Chancellery) advised the Emperor and Zhongshu Sheng, and was responsible for reviewing edicts and commands, and issuing corrections before presenting them to the Emperor. The Chancellery also managed imperial examinations.

- The Ministry of Personnel was in charge of appointments, merit ratings, promotions, and demotions of officials, as well as granting of honorific titles.
- The Ministry of Revenue was in charge of gathering census data, collecting taxes and handling state revenues, while there were two offices of currency that were subordinate to it.
- The Ministry of Rites was in charge of state ceremonies, rituals and sacrifices, religious registers, and the reception of envoys from tributary states and foreign affairs.
- The Ministry of War was in charge of the appointments, promotions and demotions of military officers, the maintenance of military installations, equipment and weapons, as well as the courier system. In times of war, high-ranking officials in the Ministry also served as strategists and advisers to frontline commanders.
- The Ministry of Justice was in charge of judicial and penal processes, but had no supervisory role over the Censorate or Grand Court of Revision.
- The Ministry of Works was in charge of government construction projects, hiring of artisans and laborers for temporary service, manufacturing government equipment, the maintenance of roads and canals, standardization of weights and measures, and the gathering of resources from the countryside.

The Shangshu Sheng was headed by a director and a vice director, and assisted by 2 aides, 36 attending gentlemen (6 for each Ministry), and 18 clerks (3 for each ministry). The Zhongshu Sheng was headed by the Secretariat Director and assisted by a vice director, and was aided by eunuch secretary-receptionists. The Menxia Sheng was headed by the Grand Chancellor, and was assisted by a vice director. Each Ministry was headed by a Chief Steward, who would work closely with the director and vice director of the Shangshu Sheng in a council known as the eight executives.

All officials of the Departments and Ministries were selected based on their rankings in the Imperial Examinations. Imperial Examinations were conducted yearly, and any free male was allowed to take the exam. Those who passed the examinations would be awarded degrees based on their results. The degree one was rewarded would determine what job they would be eligible for in the government. Although the Emperor had influence in who was selected, he did not have final say, as the examiners and directors would often be the ones with the final input in who was selected for office. Often when a director retired, the vice director would take their place, hand selecting promising young graduates for the position of vice director. Although any free male who passed the Imperial Examinations was eligible for office, in reality only members of the aristocracy gained positions in office.

Government Reforms of 1927

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In 1918, weary of the changing times, and in response to the lose of the north, Emperor Zheng Zhihao began making plans to implement a major reform of the governance structure of the Empire. One that would reflect the changing times and decline of monarchies, yet would still uphold the standard historical values of China. After spending two years discussing with the Departments, he sent advisors to several nations around the world, especially in Europe and America, whilst also conducting surveys and studies internally. These advisors spent several years abroad, studying the government structures of various nations and witnessing elections, before returning to write reports on what they observed in 1925. Meanwhile, those conducting internal studies and surveys had finished by 1924, and were writing their own reports. In spring of 1926 Emperor Zhihao convened a general audience in Shanghai to hear the reports and discuss their options. All members of the Departments and Ministries, as well as high ranking Censorate officials were all in attendance. The sessions lasted for almost three weeks while the various reports were given and discussed. In the end, despite several reforms being agreed upon, Emperor Zhihao refused to make any immediate changes, ordering another round of investigations into the suggested reforms. These investigations were completed by spring 1927, with Emperor Zhihao implementing the changes in August of 1927.

These changes were as follows:

- Women could now run for office
- All citizens had an equal chance of running for office, regardless of their birth or wealth status
- The attending gentlemen for the Shangshu Sheng were abolished and replaced with standard Clerk positions
- The offices of Clerk were now elected, and serve 6 year terms
- The directors and vice directors of the three departments are now elected, serving 8 year terms
- The Chief Stewards of the Ministries were also now elected, serving 8 year terms
- Each Ministry will consist of a Chief Steward and 12 clerks, both of whom are elected
- Departments and Ministries may hire secretaries as needed, secretaries are not elected
- Directors and vice directors may each hire two aides
- The Menxia Sheng (Chancellery) is still headed by the Grand Chancellor
- The Grand Chancellor is elected for 12 year terms
- Below the Grand Chancellor are two vice directors and 12 clerks, all of whom are elected
- The Shangshu Sheng (Imperial Secretariat) consists of a director, a vice director, and 36 clerks, (4 for each of the nine Ministries), all of whom are elected
- The Zhongshu Sheng (Palace/Central Secretariat) consists of a director, a vice director, and 250 clerks, all of whom are elected

- Decisions made by the Censorate must first be approved by the Grand Court of Revision (to ensure accountability)
- The Ministry of Education is created, subservient to the Shangshu Sheng, and is responsible for all matters of education throughout the nation, but has no supervisory role over the Examiners Office
- The Ministry of Foreign Relations is created, subservient to the Shangshu Sheng, and is responsible for all matters concerning foreign relations with other nations, including the receiving of envoys
- The Ministry of Technology is created, subservient to the Shangshu Sheng, and is responsible for all matters concerning technology and technological development

- All officials, whether hired or elected, are still required to have passed the Imperial Examinations in order to run for office or be hired
- Imperial Examinations were changed to include a more modern approach, and were made slightly easier (no more word for word memorization of ancient classics)
- Women may now take the Imperial Examination, although a separate examination space will be constructed for women
- The Examiners Office is created, which will supervise and oversee Imperial Examinations
- Only those with advanced degrees and 10 years of experience as examiners were eligible to run for a position in the Examiners Office

- The provinces will now be ruled by Provincial Councils
- Provincial Councils will consist of an administrator, a vice administrator, and 54 clerks, all of whom are elected
- Administrators and vice administrators serve for 8 year terms
- Provincial Councils are under the purview of the Menxia Sheng (Chancellery)
- The Provincial Councils have no formal autonomy, although nominally they are free to make decisions as needed for the betterment of the provinces

These changes were generally well received, mixing a blend of traditional and modern political views. There was some initial pushback on some of the new laws, especially with regard to the removal of the aristocracy from power. But with some changing of money, and a gradual implementation of the changes, the nation was able to weather the pushback with relative ease. Although still officially an absolute monarchy, the delegation of powers, and lack of official say by the Emperor in the law making process, helps make the Qi Empire closer to a democracy.

Government Today:

The Qi Empire is headed by the Emperor, who in turn relies on the Three Departments and Nine Ministries system of governance. Officials in the Three Departments and Nine Ministries are elected from amongst the eligible population. Anyone who is over the age of majority and has passed the Imperial Examinations are considered eligible. Anyone over the age of majority and has passed the Imperial Examinations may vote. Ministries are run by a chief steward and 12 clerks.

The Three Departments are:
- The Shangshu Sheng (Imperial Secretariat) are the executive branch of the government, and are the head of the Nine Ministries. Run by a director (Imperial Secretariat), vice director, and 36 clerks, (4 for each of the nine Ministries).
- The Zhongshu Sheng (Palace Secretariat) is the policy forming agency, and is responsible for proposing and drafting all imperial decrees. Run by a director (Palace Secretariat), vice director, and 250 clerks.
- The Menxia Sheng (Chancellery) advises the Emperor and Zhongshu Sheng, and is responsible for reviewing edicts and commands, and issuing corrections before presenting them to the Emperor. Run by the Grand Chancellor, two vice directors, and 12 clerks.

The Nine Ministries are:
- The Ministry of Personnel is in charge of appointments, merit ratings, promotions, and demotions of officials, as well as granting of honorific titles.
- The Ministry of Revenue is in charge of gathering census data, collecting taxes and handling state revenues. There are two offices of currency that are subordinate to the Ministry of Revenue.
- The Ministry of Rites is in charge of state ceremonies, rituals and sacrifices, and religious affairs.
- The Ministry of War is in charge of the appointments, promotions and demotions of military officers, the maintenance of military installations, equipment and weapons, as well as the courier system. In times of war, high-ranking officials in the Ministry can also serve as strategists and advisers to frontline commanders.
- The Ministry of Justice is in charge of judicial and penal processes, but has no supervisory role over the Censorate or Grand Court of Revision.
- The Ministry of Works is in charge of government construction projects, hiring of artisans and laborers for temporary service, manufacturing government equipment, the maintenance of transportation systems (including roads, ports, canals, railroads, and airports), standardization of weights and measures, and the gathering of resources from the countryside.
The Ministry of Education is responsible for all matters of education throughout the nation, but has no supervisory role over the Examiners Office.
- The Ministry of Foreign Relations is responsible for all matters concerning foreign relations with other nations, including the receiving of envoys, but can defer to the Emperor if necessary.
- The Ministry of Technology is responsible for all matters concerning technology and technological development throughout the nation.

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Emperor: Zheng Yi - #ffb200

Forum of Nations Delegate: Ye Ruogang (F) - #008040

Imperial Secretariat: Xu Zhenya (M) - #8000FF
Palace Secretariat: Kong Wei (M) - #AA381E
Grand Chancellor: Wan Xieren (F) - #40FF40

Chief Steward of Personnel:
Chief Steward of Revenue:
Chief Steward of Rites:
Chief Steward of War: Grand General Zhong Liuxian (M) - #09866C
Chief Steward of Justice:
Chief Steward of Works:
Chief Steward of Education:
Chief Steward of Foreign Relations: Ren Yahui (M) - #004080
Chief Steward of Technology:

Head of the Censorate: (WIP title) Yu Zheng (M) - #40FFBF

The Provinces are ruled by Provincial Councils which are elected, and are under the purview of the Menxia Sheng (Chancellery). Provincial Councils have no formal autonomy, but are free to make decisions on their own for the betterment of the provinces.

The Censorate is a high level supervisory office directly responsible to the Emperor. Censors are the eyes and ears of the Emperor and are responsible for checking administrators at each level for corruption and wrongdoing. Despite being the eyes and ears of the Emperor, censors are not selected by the Emperor, but rather by other members of the Censorate. Duties of the Censorate include gathering complaints from the people, reviewing the handling of prisoners, and impeaching officials for misconduct. The Censorate is also responsible for reproaching the Emperor and his conduct or policies, helping keep his power in check. In more recent years the Censorate has been expanded to include foreign (and often internal) espionage as well, though this duty of theirs is kept secret. The Censorate is generally disliked and feared. All decisions made by the Censorate must first be approved by the Grand Court of Revision. There are four (three official) branches of the Censorate:

- The Palace Branch, which is responsible for monitoring the behavior of officials during audiences. It is staffed by in-palace enquiry censors.
- The Admonishment Branch, which is responsible for monitoring the behavior of the emperor, to ensure that he did not make mistakes and remind him of his duties. It is staffed by enquiry censors.
- The Detection Branch, which is responsible for monitoring the behavior of local officials. Monitor censors tour the country in circuits to ensure the proper discharge of the functions of government and good performance of local officials.
- The Espionage Branch, which is responsible for foreign espionage, including the monitoring of foreign targets of interest. This branch is kept top secret, and very few know of its existence.

The Grand Court of Revision is a government agency in charge of reviewing judicial proceedings at all administrative levels, and selecting cases for retrial by court officials or the Emperor himself. It works closely with the Censorate and the Ministry of Justice, although is not connected with either.

The Guozijian, or Imperial Academy, is the national central institution of higher learning in the Empire, and is situated in Nanjing. It is a very prestigious institution, with many officials and aristocrats sending their children to study at the Guozijian. Over the years the Guozijian has expanded and now consists of several buildings spread across a spacious campus in Nanjing. Although there are other universities and places of higher learning throughout the nation, the Imperial Academy is still the most renowned and prestigious one in the nation.

All elected or hired officials in government must pass the Imperial Examinations to be eligible to run for office. Imperial Examinations are conducted yearly, and any citizen is allowed to take the exam. Those who pass the examination are awarded degrees based on their results. The degree one was rewarded helps determine what kind of job they are eligible for. The Imperial Examination lasts for several days and assesses all aspects of one's education, from mathematics, to science, to literature, to the arts. Although today they are easier than in the past, many citizens study for years to receive good results from the Imperial Examinations.

The Examiners Office exists in parallel with the Guozijian and is responsible for supervising and administering the Imperial Examinations. Only those with advanced degrees and 10 years of experience as examiners were eligible to run for a position in the Examiners Office. Although not beholden to any other institutions in the nation, the Examiners Office works closely with the Ministry of Education.

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Political Divisions

China is a diverse country spanning several time zones, with multiple ethno-linguistic groups spread throughout the country. The largest of these groups is the Han, which comprise roughly 93% of the population, although there are several other groups spread throughout the nation. The nation is comprised of 5 main regions, with each region being further broken down into various provinces and provincial level municipalities. The regions themselves have no political power or recognition, beyond federal statistics. Furthermore, a broad majority of people in all regions have adopted Chinese culture to some extent over the years, and are today considered culturally Sinicized and would consider themselves Chinese. The broad majority of people living in these regions have no desire for independence, and see their lands as part of China.



Red is the Heartland, and is around 98% ethnically Han
Yellow is Manchuria, homeland of the Manchurian people, and is around 90% ethnically Han
Dark blue is Mongolia, homeland of the Mongolians, and is around 70% ethnically Han
Light blue is Altishahr, homeland of the Uyghurs, and is around 35% ethnically Han
Dark orange is Tibet, homeland of the Tibetan peoples, and is around 15% ethnically Han

Provinces

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Heartland
Anhui
Hebei
Shanxi
Shaanxi
Sichuan
Fujian
Guangdong
Gansu
Guizhou
Henan
Hubei
Hainan
Jiangsu
Jiangxi
Qinghai
Shandong
Yunnan
Zhejiang
Ningxia
Guangxi
Chongqing
Taiwan
Hong Kong
Macao
Jiaozhi (northern Vietnam, culturally Sinicized)

Manchuria
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang

Mongolia
Outer Mongolia (culturally Sinicized)
Inner Mongolia (culturally Sinicized)
Dzungaria (culturally Sinicized)

Altishahr
Altishahr (culturally Sinicized)

Tibet
Tibet (TIbet, Bhutan, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh) (culturally Sinicized)
Ladakh (culturally Sinicized)

Municipalities

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Nanjing
Shanghai
Beijing
Tianjin